Community Reinvestment Act lending : is it profitable?

In 1977, Congress passed the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) to encourage federally insured depository institutions to lend in low- to moderate-income neighborhoods and to low- to moderate-income people. Since then, the profitability of the many special lending programs designed to achieve these goals has been questioned on both theoretical and practical grounds. ; The study examines the CRA loan profitability issue in the context of home mortgage lending. We surveyed 97 large institutions to explore profitability differences between their CRA and conventional home mortgage lending. ; Twenty-four percent of those answering the survey said their CRA lending was as profitable as their conventional lending. We found these lenders were more likely to treat their CRA lending like they did their conventional lending. Further, they managed to keep origination and servicing costs for their CRA loans similar to those for their conventional loans. These findings have important implications for lenders, community groups, government enhancement providers, and banking regulators as they seek wider markets for CRA loans.Community Reinvestment Act of 1977

Strategic options for bankers in rural development

Many agricultural communities in the Midwest have experience protracted job and population loss. With recent strains in agriculture and the potential for further loss looming, many bankers have expressed an interest in initiatives they can undertake to promote local growth and development. This article outlines a community development process to help bankers succeed with their development activities. Within the context of this process, it recounts the community development initiatives of several small rural community banks, examining the management decisions behind them and lessons gleaned from them.Rural areas ; Rural development ; Community development

To Have our Water and Use It Too : Why Colorado Water Law Needs a Public Interest Standard

This Comment proposes constitutional and statutory amendments that would allow water courts to consider the public interest in water allocations. It offers a model public interest standard and argues that this public interest standard is an economic necessity given the shifting contributions of water-reliant industries and the nature of their water needs. Assuming the purpose of Colorado water law is to promote growth and the economic health of the state, then Colorado must adjust the guiding laws to reflect the current economic reality. Where facilitating economic growth formerly required consumptive diversions from streams to subsidize homesteads, ranches, and mines, now it often means leaving the water in streams to maximize real estate values and the conditions desirable for the recreation and service economies. This Comment argues that Colorado will allocate its limited water resources more efficiently by implementing a public interest standard that allows water courts to consider local and state economic interest

Reasonable Mistake of Age: A Needed Defense to Statutory Rape

Hernandez represents the first positive judicial step toward changing the irrational rules which currently control the crime of statutory rape, and its import should furnish a touchstone for the future development of the law of all sex crimes. In the brief period since the Hernandez decision was handed down it has been reaffirmed by its authors, and the legislatures in two other states have enacted statutes which embrace its sound reasoning. However, at least one state has evidenced an intent to follow the traditional judicial approach of imposing strict liability, notwithstanding the defendant\u27s reasonable mistake with respect to the true age of the prosecutrix. Thus, the following analysis is offered to encourage continued acceptance of the Hernandez rationale and, it is hoped, to forestall any further retrogression

What Affects Have "Discovery" "Westward Expansion" And "Manifest Destiny" Had On The Indigenous Peoples Of North America And Museum Cultures Today?

WHAT AFFECTS HAVE “DISCOVERY” “WESTWARD EXPANSION” AND “MANIFEST DESTINY” HAD ON THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA AND MUSEUM CULTURES TODAY? Abstract Museums have always shaped the observations and perspectives of the people who visit them and the communities that rely on them to enlighten and educate. Not only do they act as a point of reference for academia and scholarly studies, they are also institutions of education for the general public. Whether the focus of museums are the sciences or the arts, natural or social history, they educate the people who visit them. A museum’s responsibility is to promote knowledge without bias and to represent its collections without personal preference or prejudice. Society depends on the academic and scholarly communities to take the lead in opening our minds to the realities, and separate our fantasies and misconceptions from romanticized versions of popular truth and myth. Science, archeology, anthropology, and written records can tell us volumes about the world’s races and cultures from the past. It is always an eye-opening experience when a new piece of evidence is validated and gives the world a clearer view of a past culture and civilization, or even when misconceptions are realized and corrected, giving us an accurate representation of that civilization’s culture and existence. Today many museums struggle with and or ignore representing America’s Indigenous peoples in “Discovery,” “Westward Expansion” and “Manifest Destiny” in telling of our country’s history. By omission, this lack of storytelling tends to leave a romanticized, stereotypical view of the colonization and settlement of North America by Europeans. If these misconceptions are to be corrected and attitudes about Indigenous peoples and their relationship with American-European settlers and the country’s government are to be understood, museums must stand in the gap and act as the bridge from illusion to truth

Decolonizing humans, ending gender abuse, and sexual violence, from discovery to the twenty-first century and beyond

To understand “Decolonizing Humans, Ending Gender Abuse, and Sexual Violence, from Discovery to the Twenty-First Century and Beyond.” We will look at the mechanisms from time immemorial to the present that that buoy colonialism and imperialism in our country today. This thesis will briefly examine how America’s Indigenous Peoples and communities have pushed back against colonialistic and imperialistic mechanisms in the 20th and 21st centuries by exposing the harsh truths that have greatly diminished the Indigenous populations across the country. This thesis focuses on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women [MMIW] and looks at how we have arrived at this long-standing travesty to understand how through the efforts of social and political activism, Indigenous people and organizations have been able to educate and inform the general population. We will examine the policies and laws that have allowed the states and federal government to systematically remove Indigenous children from their homes. Unscrupulously coerced thousands of Indigenous women of childbearing age into sterilizations while lying to thousands more about operations that also resulted in sterilizations without the knowledge of adolescent females, and women, young and old. Finally, we will conclude this thesis by examining how we may approach the difficult process of dismantling the mechanisms of settler colonialism, and imperialism to address the violence perpetrated on Native America women, Native communities, as well as all people of color that have been subjected to centuries of sexual assault and violence to divest them from sovereignty, liberty, resources and life

Implementation Strategies for Interventions Aiming to Increase Participation in Mail-Out Bowel Cancer Screening Programmes: A Realist Review

Background Bowel cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related death with 1,849,518 new cases of bowel diagnosed, and 880,792 deaths reported globally in 2018 alone. Survival can be improved through early detection via national mail-out bowel cancer screening programs; however, participation remains low in many countries. Behavior change is therefore required to increase participation. This realist review aims to (a) identify the behavior change techniques (BCTs) used in each intervention, (b) understand the mechanisms of action responsible for the BCTs effectiveness, and (c) apply a behavior change model to inform how behavior change techniques and mechanisms of action (MoA) can be combined to increase screening participation. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature for interventions aiming to increase participation in mail-out bowel cancer screening. We used a four-stage realist synthesis approach whereby; (1) interventions were extracted from each study; (2) BCTs applied in each intervention were identified and coded using the BCT taxonomy-v1; (3) the Theory and Techniques tool was used to link BCT to their mechanisms of action; and (4) BCT and MoA were categorized according to their effectiveness and what Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) stage of change they would affect. Results We identified 68 intervention trials using 26 unique BCTs and 13 MoA to increase participation. Sixteen BCTs and 10 MoA were identified within the interventions that successfully increased participation rates. Interventions targeting both stages of the HAPA model had a higher success rate (80%) than those targeting one stage of change (51%). When targeting only one stage, interventions targeting the volitional stage had a higher success rate (71%) than interventions only targeting the motivational stage of change (26%). Conclusion Importantly, this review identified a suite of BCTs and MoA that are effective for increasing participation in mail-out bowel cancer screening programs. With increased participation in bowel cancer screening leading to improved survival, our findings are key to informing the improvement of policy and interventions that aim to increase screening using specific strategies at key stages of health decision-making

Inter-agency Working Group for Airborne Data and Telemetry Systems (IWGADTS)

The Interagency Coordinating Committee for Airborne Geosciences Research and Applications (ICCAGRA) was established to improve cooperation and communication among agencies sponsoring airborne platforms and instruments for research and applications, and to serve as a resource for senior level management on airborne geosciences issues. The Interagency Working Group for Airborne Data and Telecommunications Systems (IWGADTS) is a subgroup to ICCAGRA for the purpose of developing recommendations leading to increased interoperability among airborne platforms and instrument payloads, producing increased synergy among research programs with similar goals, and enabling the suborbital layer of the Global Earth Observing System of Systems